Partisan Gerrymandering and the Efficiency Gapã¢â‚¬â University of Chicago Law Review 831
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| Nicholas Stephanopoulos | |
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| Basic facts | |
| Organisation: | Harvard Law School |
| Role: | Professor |
| Location: | Cambridge, Ma. |
| Teaching: | •Harvard University (A.B.) •Cambridge Academy (MPhil.) •Yale Law School (J.D.) |
| Website: | Official website |
Nicholas Stephanopoulos is a lawyer and legal scholar who focuses on ballot police force and constitutional law. Every bit of 2020, he was a professor of law at Harvard Law Schoolhouse. Prior to that, he was a professor of law and Marjorie Fried Research Scholar at the University of Chicago Law Schoolhouse.[1]
In 2015, Stephanopoulos and policy analyst Eric McGhee defined the efficiency gap as a concept and proposed that the metric be applied to determine whether illegal partisan gerrymandering has occurred in a jurisdiction. The efficiency gap metric was applied in a court decision striking downwards the commune map for the Wisconsin State Associates. This determination was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, which agreed on June nineteen, 2017, to hear the case. If the high court upholds the earlier ruling, it will marker the commencement time that the Supreme Courtroom has accepted a standard for measuring illegal partisan gerrymandering.[two]
Career
Early career
After graduating from Yale Law School in 2006, Stephanopoulos began working equally an associate at Jenner and Block in Washington, D.C. At that house, he focused on election law and drafted briefs for U.S. Supreme Court cases apropos the Voting Rights Deed and campaign finance, co-ordinate to his folio on the University of Chicago Police Schoolhouse's website.[3]
Academic career
From 2010 to 2012, Stephanopoulos taught legal practice and participated in a redistricting projection called DrawCongress.org at the Columbia Police School. In 2012, he joined the faculty of the Academy of Chicago Constabulary Schoolhouse, where he researched election police force and ramble police force and served every bit an assistant police professor.[iii] In addition to writing bookish papers on election police, Stephanopoulos likewise published shorter pieces for popular publications, such every bit The Huffington Post.[4]
From 2017 to 2019, Stephanopoulos began serving every bit a professor of law and was also a Herbert and Marjorie Fried Research Scholar at the University of Chicago.[v]
Stephanopoulos also filed briefs and works equally an attorney in cases concerning redistricting. In 2015, he wrote an amicus curiae brief in the case Harris v. Arizona Contained Redistricting Commission, which challenged the 2012 Arizona redistricting program, alleging that new districts were drawn based on Democratic partisanship.[6] He likewise served every bit the attorney in a Wisconsin lawsuit alleging that the state'due south legislative districts were redrawn based on Republican partisanship.[7]
Efficiency gap
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- Run across also: Efficiency gap
In a 2015 article for the University of Chicago Police force Review, Stephanopoulos and Eric McGhee defined the efficiency gap every bit a concept and proposed that the metric exist practical to decide whether illegal partisan gerrymandering has occurred in a jurisdiction. In their article on the subject area, Stephanopoulos and McGhee described the goal of partisan gerrymandering equally follows:[ii]
| " | The goal of partisan gerrymandering is to win as many seats every bit possible given a certain number of votes. To attain this aim, a party must ensure that its votes translate into seats more 'efficiently' than do those of its opponent. In the plurality-rule, single-member district elections that are most universal in American politics, 'inefficient' votes are those that do not directly contribute to victory. Thus, any vote for a losing candidate is wasted by definition, simply so besides is whatsoever vote across the 50 percent threshold needed (in a two-candidate race) to win a seat. If these supporters could be moved through redistricting to a different seat, they could help the party merits that seat likewise without changing the outcome in the seat from which they were moved.[8] | " |
| —Nicholas O. Stephanopoulos and Eric Thousand. McGhee | ||
Granting that some inefficient votes (as defined above) exist in any single-member commune balloter system, Stephanopoulos and McGhee posited that the goal of a party conducting a partisan gerrymander is to "cease upward with fewer wasted votes than the opposition by winning its seats by smaller margins on average." Working from these bounds, Stephanopoulos and McGhee divers the efficiency gap as "the difference between the parties' corresponding wasted votes, divided past the total number of votes bandage in the election."[2]
Stephanopoulos and McGhee proposed that the efficiency gap be expressed as a number of seats when evaluating congressional maps and every bit a ratio when used for evaluating land legislative maps. They reasoned that "what matters in congressional plans is their impact on the total number of seats held by each political party at the national level." By contrast, Stephanopoulos and McGhee wrote, "state houses are self-contained bodies of varying sizes, for which seat shares reveal the scale of parties' advantages and enable temporal and spatial comparability." Stephanopoulos and McGhee proposed efficiency gaps of two seats (in the example of congressional delegations) and 8 percentage (in the case of state legislative chambers) be used as mininimum thresholds for determining whether an unconstitutional partisan gerrymander has taken identify.[2]
Contempo news
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See also
- Ballot Policy
External links
- Nicholas Stephanopoulos official website
Footnotes
- ↑ University of Chicago Law School, "Nicholas Stephanopoulos," accessed July 13, 2017
- ↑ two.0 2.ane 2.2 2.3 The University of Chicago Law Review, "Partisan Gerrymandering and the Efficiency Gap," Leap 2015
- ↑ three.0 3.i University of Chicago Police force School, "Nicholas Stephanopoulos c.v.," accessed July 13, 2017
- ↑ The Huffington Mail, "Nicholas Stephanopoulos," accessed July 13, 2017
- ↑ Kelly Caldwell, "Electronic mail exchange with Spencer Graves," December 2020
- ↑ University of Chicago Constabulary School, "Nicholas Stephnopoulos Additional Activities," accessed July 13, 2017
- ↑ The New York Times, "Key Question for Supreme Court: Will It Let Gerrymanders Stand up?" Apr 21, 2017
- ↑ Annotation: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
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Source: https://ballotpedia.org/Nicholas_Stephanopoulos
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